Much of it has become a cheer squad for the blunt instrument of lockdowns and a moral hall monitor that polices thought crimes. The same organs that ritually hyperventilate about the detention of asylum seekers are the loudest voices in advocating imprisoning entire states.
This column noted at the outset of this crisis that one day we would debate which was worse — the disease or the cure. It has argued that we should not have reversed the historic balance of interests to favour the old over the young. It has said politicians should not outsource their decision-making to doctors and that there is such a thing as bad expert advice.
These are clearly not popular ideas, but they are arguments we need to have. If some had their way, voicing them would also be banned. Some lockdown fetishists appear to be planning to make shutdowns a lifestyle.
This is Wuhan syndrome. The Economist has noted that the only countries persisting with a COVID elimination strategy are islands and dictatorships. We are now both. In a piece of performance art, the Delta variant has now landed in the ground zero of Wuhan. There it is reported that Zhang Wenhong, the leading Chinese government epidemiologist , is beginning to question the wisdom of the brutal lockdown cure his nation exported with the disease.
Who actually believed that they would interpret the vaccination road map in the same way? There was a change in methodology in — Customs, Customs, Annual report —12 , Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, , p. Australian Government, Budget measures: budget paper no. Use has increased over the last two years: Customs, Annual report —11 , op. Customs, Annual report —12 , op. Defence, Defence White Paper , op. There are currently five departmental programs; funding for trade facilitation and revenue collection has been combined as they were covered under a single program until — With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, and to the extent that copyright subsists in a third party, this publication, its logo and front page design are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.
In essence, you are free to copy and communicate this work in its current form for all non-commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the work to the author and abide by the other licence terms. The work cannot be adapted or modified in any way. Content from this publication should be attributed in the following way: Author s , Title of publication, Series Name and No, Publisher, Date. To the extent that copyright subsists in third party quotes it remains with the original owner and permission may be required to reuse the material.
Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of the publication are welcome to webmanager aph. This work has been prepared to support the work of the Australian Parliament using information available at the time of production.
The views expressed do not reflect an official position of the Parliamentary Library, nor do they constitute professional legal opinion. It was attended by delegates from each of the colonies and the New Zealand Parliament. During the convention, Edmund Barton—who became the first Prime Minister of Australia—coined the catchcry 'a nation for a continent and a continent for a nation'.
The convention spent 5 weeks discussing and writing a draft constitution, which became the basis for the constitution we have today. Queensland Premier Sir Samuel Griffith is largely credited with drafting the constitution approved by the convention. However, his draft constitution was based on a version written by Tasmanian delegate Andrew Inglis Clark. Clark was inspired by the federal model of the United States, which, like Australia, faced the challenge of bringing together self-governing colonies as a nation.
Under the draft constitution the colonies would unite as separate states within the Commonwealth, with power shared between a federal—national—Parliament and state parliaments. This would give Australia a federal system of government. The convention delegates took the draft constitution back to their colonial parliaments for consideration and approval. Faced with an economic depression, the parliaments lost enthusiasm for Federation.
Federation's greatest champion, Parkes, retired from politics and following New South Wales governments did not share his passion for Federation. While the colonial parliaments put the issue of Federation to one side, it had fired the public's imagination. In a people's conference was held in Corowa, New South Wales, which agreed 'the best interests, present and future prosperity of the Australian colonies will be promoted by their early Federation'.
At a special premiers' conference held in Hobart in most of the colonies agreed to Quick's proposal. Queensland, fearing Federation might mean the loss of its Pacific Islander labour force, decided not to take part. By this stage, New Zealand had decided not to be part of the Federation process. The following year the Bathurst Federation League, frustrated by the inaction of the colonial parliaments, held a second people's conference at which over delegates renewed calls for a new Federation convention.
Sir Henry Parkes looks on. The second National Australasian Convention met 3 times during and in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne, and used the draft constitution as a starting point for discussions.
Elected and appointed representatives from all the colonies except Queensland took part in the convention. One of the most significant changes made to the draft constitution related to the Senate.
Senators would be directly elected by the people of each state instead of being selected by state parliaments. The new draft also set the number of members of the House of Representatives as roughly twice the number of senators. Because the Senate and House of Representatives would have almost the same law-making powers, the delegates realised a way to break deadlocks between the 2 houses was needed.
They decided disagreements could be resolved by dissolving—closing—both houses of Parliament and calling an election. The newly elected Parliament could then vote on the issue. If this failed to break the deadlock, it could be put to a vote in a joint sitting of both houses. The convention also agreed to a proposal by Tasmanian Premier Sir Edward Braddon to return to the states three-quarters of the customs and excise tariffs collected by the federal government.
On 16 March the convention agreed to the draft constitution. After being agreed by the colonial parliaments, the people of each of the 6 colonies were then asked to approve the constitution in referendums. Many people around Australia were involved in Federation movement.
Federal leagues, clubs and societies were formed from the s to advocate for Federation. Press reports of the conventions were eagerly read and helped build popular support for Federation. Many women were involved in the Federation movement. Women began their own Federal Leagues, in part to try and win the right to vote in the new nation.
Women had only won the right to vote in South Australia in Australia was the first nation to take a proposed constitution to the people for approval. Switzerland had held a referendum to approve changes to its constitution in Enthusiastic campaigns were waged urging people to vote 'yes' or 'no'.
Anti-Federation groups argued Federation would weaken the colonial parliaments and interstate free trade would lead to lower wages and a loss of jobs.
New South Wales Premier George Reid publicly criticised the proposed constitution but said he would vote for it in the referendum, earning him the nickname 'Yes-No Reid'. The referendum was passed in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Although a majority of voters in New South Wales voted 'yes' in the referendum, it did not attract the 80 'yes' votes set by the New South Wales colonial parliament as the minimum needed for it to agree to Federation.
Queensland and Western Australia—concerned Federation would give New South Wales and Victoria an advantage over the less-powerful states—did not hold referendums. In January the colonial premiers met privately to work out a way to bring about Federation. Western Australian Premier John Forrest did not attend.
In order to win the support of the New South Wales and Queensland colonial parliaments, the premiers made some further changes to the draft constitution.
Among these was the decision to establish the Australian national capital within New South Wales at least miles They also agreed the federal Parliament would only be required to return customs and excise tariffs to the states for the first 10 years of Federation. People line up outside a polling station on referendum day, Brisbane, A black and white photograph of a group of men, women and children and a dog gathered around the entrance of a low building. A sign reads 'Polling Booth Brisbane North'.
All 4 colonies agreed to the proposed constitution. Western Australia still refused to take part. In September, Queenslanders agreed to the constitution by a narrow margin—just over 54 per cent of Queenslanders voted 'yes'.
Queensland had waited to see whether New South Wales would federate before it held its referendum. Australia is born: The Australian nation is a fact … Now is accomplished the dream of a continent for a people and a people for a continent. No longer shall there exist those artificial barriers which have divided brother from brother.
We are one people — with one destiny. The constitution had to be agreed to by the British Parliament before Federation could proceed.
0コメント